Notebooks · lib/optim

Four optimizers over one parameter vector

An optimizer turns a gradient into a change of the parameters. This module has four, and they differ only in what they remember and how they shape the step:

SGD steps against the gradient: theta <- theta - lr g.
SGD with momentum keeps a running sum of past gradients, m <- mu m + g, and steps along that. A direction the gradient keeps pointing in builds up speed, and one it flips back and forth on cancels.
Adam keeps two running averages per number: of the gradient (m) and of its square (v). It steps along m / sqrt(v), so every coordinate moves at about the rate lr whatever the size of its gradient.
Muon keeps a momentum like the second one, then treats each weight matrix as a matrix: it replaces the momentum by a matrix with the same singular vectors and every singular value close to 1 (five Newton-Schulz steps from lib/polar), and steps along that. Adam evens out the step per number; Muon evens it out per direction of the matrix.

All four work on the layout of lib/params: the parameters, the gradient and the optimizer's memory are each one vector. The memory is two vectors' worth (a first and a second moment), which is the most any of them needs.

A model held as records of matrices (lib/gpt) takes Adam and Muon one matrix at a time instead: adam_update and muon_update update a matrix and its memories in place, with the settings in an AdamSettings or MuonSettings record, and for_leaves applies them over a whole model, as opt.step() does in PyTorch. A test holds them to the flat versions bit for bit.

An optimizer is a small settings vector made by sgd(lr), momentum(lr, mu), adam(lr, beta1, beta2) or muon(lr, mu), and one step of any of them is optim_step(opt, theta, grad, state, layout). The step itself is looked up in a registry, optimizers(), so a program can run every one of them through the same loop; optimizer_of(kind) makes any of them at its usual constants.

The tests are the contract each of the four optimizers has to meet: from the same start, on the same schedule (a starting step size of its own, falling in a straight line to zero), reach the minimum of a convex quadratic and of a small least-squares problem to within 1e-3 in every coordinate. SGD, momentum and Adam get far closer than that, to 3.5e-5 or better. Muon stops at 7.2e-4, and a test says why: its step has the length it chose rather than the gradient's, so it ends as close as its last few steps are short. Muon has one more clause: the direction it steps along has every singular value in the band lib/polar measures, [0.68, 1.14], for a wide momentum matrix and a tall one.

Used with import optim.

Look inside this program

Atlas
The program’s map: every function and which calls which.
There’s no recorded run of this program yet.

This program declares a record type (AdamSettings), and records run only in compiled C for now, so the Run buttons here are off. Open it in the workbench and use its C tab to compile it.

Shift+Enter in a cell runs it and moves to the next. Running a cell runs every cell above it too, as one program.

[1]lines 50–422

from params import (
    param_count, param_declare, param_get, param_set, param_table, param_tensors, param_zeros,
)
from linalg import test_matrix
from polar import muon_direction, polar_test_matrix, singular_values

#| Where each setting lives in an optimizer's settings vector. `OPT_MU` is the
#| momentum factor, and Adam's `beta1`; `OPT_TAKEN` counts the steps taken so
#| far, which Adam needs to undo the bias of averages that start at zero.
OPT_KIND = 0
OPT_LR = 1
OPT_MU = 2
OPT_BETA2 = 3
OPT_EPS = 4
OPT_TAKEN = 5
#| How many settings the vector holds, one past the last slot above.
OPT_SLOTS = 6

#| The registry's order, which is what `OPT_KIND` holds.
SGD = 0
MOMENTUM = 1
ADAM = 2
MUON = 3

def optimizer(kind, lr, mu, beta2) {
    opt = zeros(OPT_SLOTS)
    opt[OPT_KIND] = kind
    opt[OPT_LR] = lr
    opt[OPT_MU] = mu
    opt[OPT_BETA2] = beta2
    opt[OPT_EPS] = 1.0e-8
    return opt
}

def sgd(lr) {
    return optimizer(SGD, lr, 0.0, 0.0)
}

def momentum(lr, mu) {
    return optimizer(MOMENTUM, lr, mu, 0.0)
}

def adam(lr, beta1, beta2) {
    return optimizer(ADAM, lr, beta1, beta2)
}

def muon(lr, mu) {
    return optimizer(MUON, lr, mu, 0.0)
}

def optim_state(layout: Arr) {
    return zeros(2 * param_count(layout))
}

# each step returns 0.0: a def in a registry has to return a number
def sgd_step(opt: Arr, theta: Arr, grad: Arr, state: Arr, layout: Arr) {
    theta[0:len(theta)] = theta - opt[OPT_LR] * grad
    return 0.0
}

def momentum_step(opt: Arr, theta: Arr, grad: Arr, state: Arr, layout: Arr) {
    n = len(theta)
    state[0:n] = opt[OPT_MU] * state[0:n] + grad
    theta[0:n] = theta - opt[OPT_LR] * state[0:n]
    return 0.0
}

def adam_step(opt: Arr, theta: Arr, grad: Arr, state: Arr, layout: Arr) {
    beta1 = opt[OPT_MU]
    beta2 = opt[OPT_BETA2]
    n = len(theta)
    state[0:n] = beta1 * state[0:n] + (1.0 - beta1) * grad
    state[n:2 * n] = beta2 * state[n:2 * n] + (1.0 - beta2) * grad * grad
    mean = state[0:n] / (1.0 - pow(beta1, opt[OPT_TAKEN]))
    spread = sqrt(state[n:2 * n] / (1.0 - pow(beta2, opt[OPT_TAKEN])))
    theta[0:n] = theta - opt[OPT_LR] * mean / (spread + opt[OPT_EPS])
    return 0.0
}

def muon_matrix_direction(M: Arr) {
    if len(M) <= shape(M)[1] {
        return muon_direction(M)
    }
    return transpose(muon_direction(transpose(M)))
}

def muon_step(opt: Arr, theta: Arr, grad: Arr, state: Arr, layout: Arr) {
    n = len(theta)
    state[0:n] = opt[OPT_MU] * state[0:n] + grad
    for k to param_tensors(layout) {
        direction = muon_matrix_direction(param_get(state, layout, k))
        param_set(theta, layout, k, param_get(theta, layout, k) - opt[OPT_LR] * direction)
    }
    return 0.0
}

# ---- Adam and Muon over a model held as records ----
#
# A model held as records of matrices is updated matrix by
# matrix: `for_leaves(adam_update, model, grad, m, v, taken, scale, settings)`
# walks every matrix of `model` with the same matrix of the gradient and of
# the two memories, which are `zeros_like(model)` at the start. Each update
# writes its matrix and its memories in place.

record AdamSettings { lr: Num, beta1: Num, beta2: Num, eps: Num }
record MuonSettings { lr: Num, momentum: Num }

def adam_update(w: Arr, g: Arr, m: Arr, v: Arr, taken, lr_scale, s: AdamSettings) {
    m[:] = s.beta1 * m + (1.0 - s.beta1) * g
    v[:] = s.beta2 * v + (1.0 - s.beta2) * g * g
    mean = m / (1.0 - pow(s.beta1, taken))
    spread = sqrt(v / (1.0 - pow(s.beta2, taken)))
    w[:] = w - s.lr * lr_scale * mean / (spread + s.eps)
}

def muon_update(w: Arr, g: Arr, mom: Arr, lr_scale, s: MuonSettings) {
    mom[:] = s.momentum * mom + g
    rows, cols = shape(w)
    size = s.lr * lr_scale * sqrt(max(1.0, rows / cols))
    w[:] = w - size * muon_matrix_direction(mom)
}

def optimizers() {
    return [sgd_step, momentum_step, adam_step, muon_step]
}

def optimizer_count() {
    return len(optimizers())
}

def optim_step(opt: Arr, theta: Arr, grad: Arr, state: Arr, layout: Arr) {
    opt[OPT_TAKEN] = opt[OPT_TAKEN] + 1.0
    apply(optimizers()[round(opt[OPT_KIND])], opt, theta, grad, state, layout)
}

def optimizer_of(kind) {
    opt = sgd(0.0)
    if kind == MOMENTUM {
        opt = momentum(0.0, 0.9)
    }
    if kind == ADAM {
        opt = adam(0.0, 0.9, 0.999)
    }
    if kind == MUON {
        opt = muon(0.0, 0.9)
    }
    return opt
}

# ---- the contract ----

def decayed(lr, step, steps) {
    return lr * (1.0 - step / steps)
}

def quadratic_layout() {
    layout = param_table(2)
    param_declare(layout, 3, 5)
    param_declare(layout, 1, 4)
    return layout
}

def quadratic_curvature(i) {
    return 1.0 + 3.0 * mod(0.37 * i, 1.0)
}

def quadratic_center(i) {
    return sin(1.3 * i + 0.4)
}

def quadratic_gradient(theta: Arr, grad: Arr) {
    for i to len(theta) {
        grad[i] = quadratic_curvature(i) * (theta[i] - quadratic_center(i))
    }
}

def quadratic_miss(opt: Arr, lr, steps) {
    layout = quadratic_layout()
    theta = param_zeros(layout)
    grad = param_zeros(layout)
    state = optim_state(layout)
    for step to steps {
        quadratic_gradient(theta, grad)
        opt[OPT_LR] = decayed(lr, step, steps)
        optim_step(opt, theta, grad, state, layout)
    }
    centers = zeros(len(theta))
    for i to len(theta) {
        centers[i] = quadratic_center(i)
    }
    return max(abs(theta - centers))
}

#| The least-squares problem's size: equations, unknowns per column, and
#| columns of the right-hand side.
LSTSQ_ROWS = 8
LSTSQ_UNKNOWNS = 4
LSTSQ_COLUMNS = 3

def lstsq_inputs() {
    source = test_matrix(LSTSQ_ROWS, 61.0)
    return source[0:LSTSQ_ROWS, 0:LSTSQ_UNKNOWNS]
}

def lstsq_targets() {
    source = test_matrix(LSTSQ_ROWS, 97.0)
    return source[0:LSTSQ_ROWS, 0:LSTSQ_COLUMNS]
}

def lstsq_layout() {
    layout = param_table(1)
    param_declare(layout, LSTSQ_UNKNOWNS, LSTSQ_COLUMNS)
    return layout
}

def lstsq_solution() {
    X = lstsq_inputs()
    right = transpose(X) @ lstsq_targets()
    W = zeros(LSTSQ_UNKNOWNS, LSTSQ_COLUMNS)
    lin_solve_multi(transpose(X) @ X, right, W)
    return W
}

def lstsq_gradient(theta: Arr, grad: Arr, layout: Arr, X: Arr, Y: Arr) {
    W = param_get(theta, layout, 0)
    residual = X @ W - Y
    param_set(grad, layout, 0, (1.0 / len(X)) * (transpose(X) @ residual))
}

def lstsq_miss(opt: Arr, lr, steps) {
    layout = lstsq_layout()
    X = lstsq_inputs()
    Y = lstsq_targets()
    theta = param_zeros(layout)
    grad = param_zeros(layout)
    state = optim_state(layout)
    for step to steps {
        lstsq_gradient(theta, grad, layout, X, Y)
        opt[OPT_LR] = decayed(lr, step, steps)
        optim_step(opt, theta, grad, state, layout)
    }
    return max(abs(param_get(theta, layout, 0) - lstsq_solution()))
}

#| How many steps each optimizer gets to meet the contract.
OPT_CONTRACT_STEPS = 400

def contract_lr(kind) {
    return [0.4, 0.05, 0.1, 0.05][kind]
}

test "every optimizer in the registry reaches the minimum of a convex quadratic" {
    for kind to optimizer_count() {
        miss = quadratic_miss(optimizer_of(kind), contract_lr(kind), OPT_CONTRACT_STEPS)
        show miss
        assert_lt(miss, 1.0e-3)
    }
}

test "every optimizer in the registry reaches the least-squares solution" {
    for kind to optimizer_count() {
        miss = lstsq_miss(optimizer_of(kind), contract_lr(kind), OPT_CONTRACT_STEPS)
        show miss
        assert_lt(miss, 1.0e-3)
    }
}

test "Muon's direction has every singular value in the band lib/polar measures" {
    # a wide momentum and a tall one, singular values spread over a factor of ten
    want = [1.0, 0.6, 0.3, 0.1]
    m = len(want)
    wide_n = 7
    tall_n = 6
    wide = polar_test_matrix(want, wide_n, 19.0)
    tall = transpose(polar_test_matrix(want, tall_n, 43.0))
    sv = singular_values(wide)
    assert_near(sv[0] / sv[m - 1], 10.0, 1.0e-9)
    sv = singular_values(muon_matrix_direction(wide))
    show sv
    for i to m {
        assert_lt(0.68, sv[i])
        assert_lt(sv[i], 1.14)
    }
    # the tall one comes back tall, and with the same singular values: the
    # iteration sees only the singular values, and these two share theirs
    direction = muon_matrix_direction(tall)
    assert_near(len(direction), 6.0, 0.0)
    sv = singular_values(transpose(direction))
    show sv
    for i to m {
        assert_lt(0.68, sv[i])
        assert_lt(sv[i], 1.14)
    }
}

test "Muon stops at a distance set by its last steps, the others by the gradient" {
    for kind to optimizer_count() {
        on_quadratic = quadratic_miss(optimizer_of(kind), contract_lr(kind), OPT_CONTRACT_STEPS)
        on_lstsq = lstsq_miss(optimizer_of(kind), contract_lr(kind), OPT_CONTRACT_STEPS)
        near = max(on_quadratic, on_lstsq)
        if kind == MUON {
            # measured: 4.8e-4 on the quadratic and 7.2e-4 on least squares
            assert_lt(5.0e-4, near)
        }
        else {
            # measured: at most 3.5e-5, from plain SGD on least squares
            assert_lt(near, 1.0e-4)
        }
    }
}

# two wide matrices, as a record and as the same numbers laid out in one vector
record OptimCase { A: Arr, B: Arr }

def optim_case(seed) {
    source = test_matrix(LSTSQ_ROWS, seed)
    return OptimCase { A: source[0:2, 0:5], B: source[2:5, 0:4] }
}

def optim_case_layout() {
    layout = param_table(2)
    param_declare(layout, 2, 5)
    param_declare(layout, 3, 4)
    return layout
}

def optim_case_flat(c: OptimCase, layout: Arr) {
    theta = param_zeros(layout)
    param_set(theta, layout, 0, c.A)
    param_set(theta, layout, 1, c.B)
    return theta
}

#| How many steps the record and flat optimizers are run side by side.
OPT_SIDE_STEPS = 3

test "Adam and Muon over a record take the steps the flat ones take, to the last bit" {
    layout = optim_case_layout()
    grad = optim_case(97.0)
    flat_grad = optim_case_flat(grad, layout)
    adam_settings = AdamSettings { lr: 0.1, beta1: 0.9, beta2: 0.99, eps: 1.0e-8 }
    muon_settings = MuonSettings { lr: 0.05, momentum: 0.9 }
    model = optim_case(61.0)
    first = zeros_like(model)
    second = zeros_like(model)
    theta = optim_case_flat(model, layout)
    opt = adam(0.1, 0.9, 0.99)
    state = optim_state(layout)
    for k to OPT_SIDE_STEPS {
        for_leaves(adam_update, model, grad, first, second, k + 1.0, 1.0, adam_settings)
        optim_step(opt, theta, flat_grad, state, layout)
    }
    assert_near(max(abs(optim_case_flat(model, layout) - theta)), 0.0, 0.0)
    # and they moved
    assert_lt(0.01, max(abs(theta - optim_case_flat(optim_case(61.0), layout))))
    # Muon's scale sqrt(max(1, rows / cols)) is 1 for a wide matrix, which is
    # all the flat Muon does
    model = optim_case(61.0)
    mom = zeros_like(model)
    theta = optim_case_flat(model, layout)
    opt = muon(0.05, 0.9)
    state = optim_state(layout)
    for k to OPT_SIDE_STEPS {
        for_leaves(muon_update, model, grad, mom, 1.0, muon_settings)
        optim_step(opt, theta, flat_grad, state, layout)
    }
    assert_near(max(abs(optim_case_flat(model, layout) - theta)), 0.0, 0.0)
    # and they moved
    assert_lt(0.01, max(abs(theta - optim_case_flat(optim_case(61.0), layout))))
}

# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT OR Apache-2.0
# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 The Viv authors

from params import (
    param_count, param_declare, param_get, param_set, param_table, param_tensors, param_zeros,
)
from linalg import test_matrix
from polar import muon_direction, polar_test_matrix, singular_values

#| Where each setting lives in an optimizer's settings vector. `OPT_MU` is the
#| momentum factor, and Adam's `beta1`; `OPT_TAKEN` counts the steps taken so
#| far, which Adam needs to undo the bias of averages that start at zero.
OPT_KIND = 0
OPT_LR = 1
OPT_MU = 2
OPT_BETA2 = 3
OPT_EPS = 4
OPT_TAKEN = 5
#| How many settings the vector holds, one past the last slot above.
OPT_SLOTS = 6

#| The registry's order, which is what `OPT_KIND` holds.
SGD = 0
MOMENTUM = 1
ADAM = 2
MUON = 3

def optimizer(kind, lr, mu, beta2) {
    opt = zeros(OPT_SLOTS)
    opt[OPT_KIND] = kind
    opt[OPT_LR] = lr
    opt[OPT_MU] = mu
    opt[OPT_BETA2] = beta2
    opt[OPT_EPS] = 1.0e-8
    return opt
}

def sgd(lr) {
    return optimizer(SGD, lr, 0.0, 0.0)
}

def momentum(lr, mu) {
    return optimizer(MOMENTUM, lr, mu, 0.0)
}

def adam(lr, beta1, beta2) {
    return optimizer(ADAM, lr, beta1, beta2)
}

def muon(lr, mu) {
    return optimizer(MUON, lr, mu, 0.0)
}

def optim_state(layout: Arr) {
    return zeros(2 * param_count(layout))
}

# each step returns 0.0: a def in a registry has to return a number
def sgd_step(opt: Arr, theta: Arr, grad: Arr, state: Arr, layout: Arr) {
    theta[0:len(theta)] = theta - opt[OPT_LR] * grad
    return 0.0
}

def momentum_step(opt: Arr, theta: Arr, grad: Arr, state: Arr, layout: Arr) {
    n = len(theta)
    state[0:n] = opt[OPT_MU] * state[0:n] + grad
    theta[0:n] = theta - opt[OPT_LR] * state[0:n]
    return 0.0
}

def adam_step(opt: Arr, theta: Arr, grad: Arr, state: Arr, layout: Arr) {
    beta1 = opt[OPT_MU]
    beta2 = opt[OPT_BETA2]
    n = len(theta)
    state[0:n] = beta1 * state[0:n] + (1.0 - beta1) * grad
    state[n:2 * n] = beta2 * state[n:2 * n] + (1.0 - beta2) * grad * grad
    mean = state[0:n] / (1.0 - pow(beta1, opt[OPT_TAKEN]))
    spread = sqrt(state[n:2 * n] / (1.0 - pow(beta2, opt[OPT_TAKEN])))
    theta[0:n] = theta - opt[OPT_LR] * mean / (spread + opt[OPT_EPS])
    return 0.0
}

def muon_matrix_direction(M: Arr) {
    if len(M) <= shape(M)[1] {
        return muon_direction(M)
    }
    return transpose(muon_direction(transpose(M)))
}

def muon_step(opt: Arr, theta: Arr, grad: Arr, state: Arr, layout: Arr) {
    n = len(theta)
    state[0:n] = opt[OPT_MU] * state[0:n] + grad
    for k to param_tensors(layout) {
        direction = muon_matrix_direction(param_get(state, layout, k))
        param_set(theta, layout, k, param_get(theta, layout, k) - opt[OPT_LR] * direction)
    }
    return 0.0
}

# ---- Adam and Muon over a model held as records ----
#
# A model held as records of matrices is updated matrix by
# matrix: `for_leaves(adam_update, model, grad, m, v, taken, scale, settings)`
# walks every matrix of `model` with the same matrix of the gradient and of
# the two memories, which are `zeros_like(model)` at the start. Each update
# writes its matrix and its memories in place.

record AdamSettings { lr: Num, beta1: Num, beta2: Num, eps: Num }
record MuonSettings { lr: Num, momentum: Num }

def adam_update(w: Arr, g: Arr, m: Arr, v: Arr, taken, lr_scale, s: AdamSettings) {
    m[:] = s.beta1 * m + (1.0 - s.beta1) * g
    v[:] = s.beta2 * v + (1.0 - s.beta2) * g * g
    mean = m / (1.0 - pow(s.beta1, taken))
    spread = sqrt(v / (1.0 - pow(s.beta2, taken)))
    w[:] = w - s.lr * lr_scale * mean / (spread + s.eps)
}

def muon_update(w: Arr, g: Arr, mom: Arr, lr_scale, s: MuonSettings) {
    mom[:] = s.momentum * mom + g
    rows, cols = shape(w)
    size = s.lr * lr_scale * sqrt(max(1.0, rows / cols))
    w[:] = w - size * muon_matrix_direction(mom)
}

def optimizers() {
    return [sgd_step, momentum_step, adam_step, muon_step]
}

def optimizer_count() {
    return len(optimizers())
}

def optim_step(opt: Arr, theta: Arr, grad: Arr, state: Arr, layout: Arr) {
    opt[OPT_TAKEN] = opt[OPT_TAKEN] + 1.0
    apply(optimizers()[round(opt[OPT_KIND])], opt, theta, grad, state, layout)
}

def optimizer_of(kind) {
    opt = sgd(0.0)
    if kind == MOMENTUM {
        opt = momentum(0.0, 0.9)
    }
    if kind == ADAM {
        opt = adam(0.0, 0.9, 0.999)
    }
    if kind == MUON {
        opt = muon(0.0, 0.9)
    }
    return opt
}

# ---- the contract ----

def decayed(lr, step, steps) {
    return lr * (1.0 - step / steps)
}

def quadratic_layout() {
    layout = param_table(2)
    param_declare(layout, 3, 5)
    param_declare(layout, 1, 4)
    return layout
}

def quadratic_curvature(i) {
    return 1.0 + 3.0 * mod(0.37 * i, 1.0)
}

def quadratic_center(i) {
    return sin(1.3 * i + 0.4)
}

def quadratic_gradient(theta: Arr, grad: Arr) {
    for i to len(theta) {
        grad[i] = quadratic_curvature(i) * (theta[i] - quadratic_center(i))
    }
}

def quadratic_miss(opt: Arr, lr, steps) {
    layout = quadratic_layout()
    theta = param_zeros(layout)
    grad = param_zeros(layout)
    state = optim_state(layout)
    for step to steps {
        quadratic_gradient(theta, grad)
        opt[OPT_LR] = decayed(lr, step, steps)
        optim_step(opt, theta, grad, state, layout)
    }
    centers = zeros(len(theta))
    for i to len(theta) {
        centers[i] = quadratic_center(i)
    }
    return max(abs(theta - centers))
}

#| The least-squares problem's size: equations, unknowns per column, and
#| columns of the right-hand side.
LSTSQ_ROWS = 8
LSTSQ_UNKNOWNS = 4
LSTSQ_COLUMNS = 3

def lstsq_inputs() {
    source = test_matrix(LSTSQ_ROWS, 61.0)
    return source[0:LSTSQ_ROWS, 0:LSTSQ_UNKNOWNS]
}

def lstsq_targets() {
    source = test_matrix(LSTSQ_ROWS, 97.0)
    return source[0:LSTSQ_ROWS, 0:LSTSQ_COLUMNS]
}

def lstsq_layout() {
    layout = param_table(1)
    param_declare(layout, LSTSQ_UNKNOWNS, LSTSQ_COLUMNS)
    return layout
}

def lstsq_solution() {
    X = lstsq_inputs()
    right = transpose(X) @ lstsq_targets()
    W = zeros(LSTSQ_UNKNOWNS, LSTSQ_COLUMNS)
    lin_solve_multi(transpose(X) @ X, right, W)
    return W
}

def lstsq_gradient(theta: Arr, grad: Arr, layout: Arr, X: Arr, Y: Arr) {
    W = param_get(theta, layout, 0)
    residual = X @ W - Y
    param_set(grad, layout, 0, (1.0 / len(X)) * (transpose(X) @ residual))
}

def lstsq_miss(opt: Arr, lr, steps) {
    layout = lstsq_layout()
    X = lstsq_inputs()
    Y = lstsq_targets()
    theta = param_zeros(layout)
    grad = param_zeros(layout)
    state = optim_state(layout)
    for step to steps {
        lstsq_gradient(theta, grad, layout, X, Y)
        opt[OPT_LR] = decayed(lr, step, steps)
        optim_step(opt, theta, grad, state, layout)
    }
    return max(abs(param_get(theta, layout, 0) - lstsq_solution()))
}

#| How many steps each optimizer gets to meet the contract.
OPT_CONTRACT_STEPS = 400

def contract_lr(kind) {
    return [0.4, 0.05, 0.1, 0.05][kind]
}

test "every optimizer in the registry reaches the minimum of a convex quadratic" {
    for kind to optimizer_count() {
        miss = quadratic_miss(optimizer_of(kind), contract_lr(kind), OPT_CONTRACT_STEPS)
        show miss
        assert_lt(miss, 1.0e-3)
    }
}

test "every optimizer in the registry reaches the least-squares solution" {
    for kind to optimizer_count() {
        miss = lstsq_miss(optimizer_of(kind), contract_lr(kind), OPT_CONTRACT_STEPS)
        show miss
        assert_lt(miss, 1.0e-3)
    }
}

test "Muon's direction has every singular value in the band lib/polar measures" {
    # a wide momentum and a tall one, singular values spread over a factor of ten
    want = [1.0, 0.6, 0.3, 0.1]
    m = len(want)
    wide_n = 7
    tall_n = 6
    wide = polar_test_matrix(want, wide_n, 19.0)
    tall = transpose(polar_test_matrix(want, tall_n, 43.0))
    sv = singular_values(wide)
    assert_near(sv[0] / sv[m - 1], 10.0, 1.0e-9)
    sv = singular_values(muon_matrix_direction(wide))
    show sv
    for i to m {
        assert_lt(0.68, sv[i])
        assert_lt(sv[i], 1.14)
    }
    # the tall one comes back tall, and with the same singular values: the
    # iteration sees only the singular values, and these two share theirs
    direction = muon_matrix_direction(tall)
    assert_near(len(direction), 6.0, 0.0)
    sv = singular_values(transpose(direction))
    show sv
    for i to m {
        assert_lt(0.68, sv[i])
        assert_lt(sv[i], 1.14)
    }
}

test "Muon stops at a distance set by its last steps, the others by the gradient" {
    for kind to optimizer_count() {
        on_quadratic = quadratic_miss(optimizer_of(kind), contract_lr(kind), OPT_CONTRACT_STEPS)
        on_lstsq = lstsq_miss(optimizer_of(kind), contract_lr(kind), OPT_CONTRACT_STEPS)
        near = max(on_quadratic, on_lstsq)
        if kind == MUON {
            # measured: 4.8e-4 on the quadratic and 7.2e-4 on least squares
            assert_lt(5.0e-4, near)
        }
        else {
            # measured: at most 3.5e-5, from plain SGD on least squares
            assert_lt(near, 1.0e-4)
        }
    }
}

# two wide matrices, as a record and as the same numbers laid out in one vector
record OptimCase { A: Arr, B: Arr }

def optim_case(seed) {
    source = test_matrix(LSTSQ_ROWS, seed)
    return OptimCase { A: source[0:2, 0:5], B: source[2:5, 0:4] }
}

def optim_case_layout() {
    layout = param_table(2)
    param_declare(layout, 2, 5)
    param_declare(layout, 3, 4)
    return layout
}

def optim_case_flat(c: OptimCase, layout: Arr) {
    theta = param_zeros(layout)
    param_set(theta, layout, 0, c.A)
    param_set(theta, layout, 1, c.B)
    return theta
}

#| How many steps the record and flat optimizers are run side by side.
OPT_SIDE_STEPS = 3

test "Adam and Muon over a record take the steps the flat ones take, to the last bit" {
    layout = optim_case_layout()
    grad = optim_case(97.0)
    flat_grad = optim_case_flat(grad, layout)
    adam_settings = AdamSettings { lr: 0.1, beta1: 0.9, beta2: 0.99, eps: 1.0e-8 }
    muon_settings = MuonSettings { lr: 0.05, momentum: 0.9 }
    model = optim_case(61.0)
    first = zeros_like(model)
    second = zeros_like(model)
    theta = optim_case_flat(model, layout)
    opt = adam(0.1, 0.9, 0.99)
    state = optim_state(layout)
    for k to OPT_SIDE_STEPS {
        for_leaves(adam_update, model, grad, first, second, k + 1.0, 1.0, adam_settings)
        optim_step(opt, theta, flat_grad, state, layout)
    }
    assert_near(max(abs(optim_case_flat(model, layout) - theta)), 0.0, 0.0)
    # and they moved
    assert_lt(0.01, max(abs(theta - optim_case_flat(optim_case(61.0), layout))))
    # Muon's scale sqrt(max(1, rows / cols)) is 1 for a wide matrix, which is
    # all the flat Muon does
    model = optim_case(61.0)
    mom = zeros_like(model)
    theta = optim_case_flat(model, layout)
    opt = muon(0.05, 0.9)
    state = optim_state(layout)
    for k to OPT_SIDE_STEPS {
        for_leaves(muon_update, model, grad, mom, 1.0, muon_settings)
        optim_step(opt, theta, flat_grad, state, layout)
    }
    assert_near(max(abs(optim_case_flat(model, layout) - theta)), 0.0, 0.0)
    # and they moved
    assert_lt(0.01, max(abs(theta - optim_case_flat(optim_case(61.0), layout))))
}

# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT OR Apache-2.0
# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 The Viv authors